Summer AD 124 – Hadrian tours Asia (part 3), visits Smyrna and Ephesus and sails to Athens (#Hadrian1900) FOLLOWING HADRIAN

After Pergamon and Sardis (see here), two different nice cities of western Asia had their flip to obtain Hadrian and his get together, Smyrna and Ephesus. Each metropoleis have been perennial rivals, competing with one another for first place within the province and the granting of the acclaimed title neokoros. Travelling with Hadrian was one of the crucial famend sophists of his time, Marcus Antonius Polemon, who was to make use of his rhetorical expertise for the advantage of his adopted dwelling, the Ionian metropolis of Smyrna (Philostr. VS 530–31).

Born in Laodicea on the Lycus in Phrygia, Polemon attended Smyrna’s colleges of rhetoric as a youth, the place he obtained civic honours from the residents for his providers to town. One in all Polemon’s skills was to plead causes earlier than the rulers of the Empire. Trajan granted the orator the privilege of unrestricted journey, a favour later prolonged by Hadrian. He then grew to become an envoy to Hadrian and served on many missions for the Emperor, together with delivering the inauguration speech on the consecration of the Olympieion at Athens in 131/132. In accordance with Philostratus (VS 1.25.1–4), Polemon persuaded Hadrian to spend ten million drachmae on Smyrna in a single day, from which town constructed a “grain market, essentially the most magnificent of all these in Asia” and “a temple that may be seen from afar”.

Smyrna has an extended historical past and is historically thought of to be the birthplace of Homer (Strabo 14.1.37). It was based by the Aeolians at the start of the primary millennium BC and later by the Ionians. Smyrna rapidly grew to become an necessary seaport and a thriving industrial centre on the Aegean coast. It was famend as one of the crucial magnificent cities in Asia Minor (Strabo 14.646). Situated about forty miles north of Ephesus, it occupied a good looking territory on the mouth of a gulf. The Ionian metropolis first rose to prominence throughout the Archaic Interval as one of many principal historic Greek settlements in western Anatolia. The unique city, now referred to as “Outdated Smyrna”, was positioned northeast of the Gulf of Smyrna. It was identified for its magnificent temple, which was devoted to Athena. Nonetheless, Outdated Smyrna was attacked and destroyed by the Lydian king Alyattes round 627 BC, and it remained deserted for 400 years.

Smyrna was re-established throughout the time of Alexander the Great. A brand new and bigger metropolis was constructed on the slope of Mount Pagus. Legend has it that whereas on a looking expedition there, the Macedonian king fell asleep below a tree and had a dream through which two Nemeses instructed him to construct a metropolis on that very spot. Mount Pagus then grew to become the acropolis of New Smyrna. Nonetheless, Alexander didn’t stay to hold this plan into impact, which was solely achieved by his successors Antigonus and Lysimachus. Nemesis first appeared on Smyrnean cash within the 1st century AD and have become extra frequent within the 2nd century, with the introduction of the double Nemesis throughout the reign of Hadrian. Smyrna’s founding delusion of Alexander’s hunt on Mount Pagos will need to have caught the eye of the Emperor, who had simply skilled a profitable bear hunt in Mysia (see here). His looking actions within the space additionally left such a deep impression on the residents of Stratonicea-Hadrianopolis that they later worshipped him as Zeus Kynegesios (Zeus the Hunter).

The brand new Hellenistic metropolis (New Smyrna) was positioned twenty stadia south of Outdated Smyrna. It was famend amongst historic writers for its magnificence, effective wines, lovely buildings, and wealth. In accordance with Strabo (Strab. 14.1.37), the streets of Smyrna have been effectively paved with stone, and town contained a number of squares, porticoes, fountains, a public library, and quite a few temples and different public buildings. A temple devoted to Zeus Akraios (Zeus dwelling on the tops of mountains) stood on the slopes of Mount Pagus, and town possessed a harbour the place the Temple of the Mom Goddess and the gymnasium stood. Strabo additionally mentions a “Homereium, a quadrangular portico containing a shrine and picket statue of Homer. For the Smyrnaeans, above all others, urge the claims of their metropolis to be the birthplace of Homer, they usually have a type of brass cash.” The cash, a testomony to Homer’s standing in Smyrna, present him on the reverse seated, holding a scroll and resting his chin on his hand in a contemplative pose.

After the institution of the Roman Province of Asia in 133 BC, Smyrna was rewarded with numerous grants and privileges, having sided with the Romans towards the struggle with Mithridates. In AD 26, town grew to become a significant centre for the imperial cult and was granted the privilege of constructing an area temple for Emperor Tiberius, incomes the title of first neokoria. Cash struck between AD 29/30 and 34/35 throughout the administration of the proconsul Publius Petronius depicted Tiberius as pontifex in his accomplished temple on the reverse with Tiberius’ mom Livia and the personified Senate on the obverse (RPC I, 2469).

Because of Polemon’s interventions, Smyrna was allowed to construct a second provincial temple devoted to Hadrian and bought the title of neokoros for the second time. Hadrian thus grew to become the primary emperor to permit multiple metropolis in the identical koinon (provincial league) to construct a provincial temple to his personal cult: first, Cyzicus (see here), then Smyrna, and later Ephesus (Burrell, 2003 & 2004). Hadrian’s beneficiant presents and benefactions to Smyrna throughout his go to in the summertime of 124 are detailed in Philostratus’ Lives of the Sophists and confirmed by an inscription (Smyrna 54).

Polemon so fully transformed Hadrian to the reason for Smyrna [from that of Ephesus] that in at some point the Emperor lavished on Smyrna ten million [drachmae], with which have been constructed a corn market a gymnasium—essentially the most magnificent of all these in Asia, and a temple that may be seen from afar, the one on the promontory that appears to problem Mimas. Philostratos, Lives of the Sophists 1.25.2 (531)

The forty-five-line inscription lists the benefactions of Hadrian, as talked about by Philostratus, together with twenty-five different women and men, in addition to the collective contributions of the Jews and the presents they gave towards the development and embellishment of the gymnasium advanced (Boatwright, 2000). The grandeur of this constructing is obvious from the talked about presents, similar to a basilica with bronze doorways, a columned anointing room with a gilt roof, a porticoed palm court docket with gardens, a temple of Tyche, and a sunroom (Burrell, 2004). The passage of Hadrian’s benefactions obtained by way of Polemon (strains 33–42) studies the second neocoria, pageant video games, the appointments of theologoi and hymnodoi, a fantastic sum of cash (though it differs from Philoststratos’ account), and columns for the gymnasium itself “… we obtained from the Lord Caesar Hadrian by way of Antonius Polemo: a second decree of the Senate by way of which we’ve develop into twice neōkoroi, a sacred contest, tax exemption, theologoi, hymnōdoi, a million and 5 hundred thousand, for the aleiptērion 72 pillars from Synnada, 20 Numidian, 6 of porphyry.”

The granting of the second neokoria is attested by one other inscription (Smyrna 93), a presumably imperial letter confirming this particular honour and mentioning the Roman consuls in workplace in AD 124. On this foundation, this date is regarded because the terminus submit quem for the inscription. The façade of a six-column Ionic temple can be seen on the reverse of the cash of Hadrian issued in Smyrna below the administration of Strategos Sextus (RPC III, 1970). Whether or not these cash characterize the second provincial temple can’t be confirmed because the legend ‘neokoros’ is absent, and the identical temple seems on the cash below Nero (RPC I, 2489). The primary neokoros legend seems on the cash struck below Caracalla, which particularly identifies the temple of Hadrian among the many three for which Smyrna was neokoros and reveals his cuirassed determine because the cult picture inside it. The legend on the reverse of the coin proclaims town as “thrice neokoros of the Augusti” (see here).

Archaeologically, no concrete proof has been found to show the existence of the temple of Hadrian in Smyrna. Nonetheless, Philostratus’ topographical remarks might assist find and establish the sacred place. The stays of the temenos of a massive east-facing temple and scattered items of marble have been unearthed immediately overlooking the gulf within the Değirmentepe neighbourhood of Izmir in 1824/1825. The location suits Philostratus’ description. This website might be described as an akra (which means a top or a cape on the seacoast) and is seen from afar, located on town’s northwestern edge, closest to Mimas, a mountain vary that runs throughout the Erythrae peninsula (Boatwright 2000 & Burrell, 2004). The temple’s foundations have been dated by the nineteenth-century investigator Graf Anton Prokesch von Osten, who attributed them to the Hadrianic or Antonine interval. Von Osten inferred that the temple initially had ten Corinthian columns on its quick facet and maybe twenty-three on its lengthy facet (dimensions corresponding to these of the Temple of Olympieion Zeus).

With no certainty as to whom the temple was devoted, some students have claimed that Asclepius (talked about by Pausanias 7.5.9), Zeus Akraios, or Hadrian have been the deities worshipped there. Mary T. Boatwright means that the temple was initially devoted to Zeus Akraios and was later transferred to belong to the cult of Hadrian when town gained the second title of neokoros. Burrell, nonetheless, argues that the temple was devoted to the worship of Hadrian himself, “neither with nor as Zeus”, as in Cyzicus and Ephesus (Burrell, 2002).

Along with the sacred pageant granted by Hadrian in 124, through which Polemon served as agonothetes, town of Smyrna later established the Hadrianeia Olympia athletic video games following Hadrian’s second go to to town. These video games included musical and dramatic competitions and have been thought of essential, as many Smyrnaeans who gained have been honoured of their metropolis and overseas (Tataki, 2009). The sacred video games have been held within the stadium of Smyrna, the place the Smyrnaeans devoted altars to Hadrian Olympios (Smyrna 106 & Smyrna 104). Associations, too, honoured the Emperor. The provoke (mystai) of Dionysos Breiseus arrange a monument in honour of Hadrian, “Olympios, saviour, and founder”. Smyrna’s gratitude in the direction of Hadrian was additional expressed by taking the title Hadriane (Birley, 1997).

The initiates (mystai) of the good Dionysos Breiseus earlier than town honoured emperor Trajan Hadrian Caesar Augustus Olympios, saviour and founder. This was achieved below the supervision of Dikaios Heliodoros, son of Alexandros, their very own treasurer (tamias).

Polemon continued to behave on behalf of Smyrna to the top of his life. Following his appointment as Smyrna’s strategos ca. 134/135, he issued a powerful variety of medallions of Antinous, in addition to cash for Hadrian as Zeus (RPC III, 1972) and Sabina (RPC III, 1974). The Antinous medallions painting animals related to the cults of Dionysus, Hermes, and Attis (Males), a feminine panther, a ram, and a bull, linking the Bithynian boy with these deities.

The rivalry between Smyrna and its neighbours, Ephesos and Pergamon, continued within the following years. Every of the three cities claimed to be metropolis of Asia, and all saved a jealous eye on the others’ honours and titles. In ca. AD 143, Polemon was appointed to defend ‘the temples and their rights’ earlier than the Emperor. This mission was most likely ‘necessitated by some query of relationships amongst rival neokoroi cities within the koinon’ (Burrell, 2004). A letter from Antoninus Pius (see here) additional signifies that there was a dispute between the three cities in regards to the correct use of honorific titles. The tense state of affairs continued till the time of Marcus Aurelius when the well-known orator Aelius Aristides pleaded earlier than the provincial meeting for the institution of harmony (homonoia) between the three cities (Aristid. Or. 23).

After Polemon’s dying, one of the crucial necessary orators who made Smyrna his dwelling and his trigger was Aelius Aristides (AD 117-181). He pleaded earlier than the provincial meeting for the institution of harmony (homonoia) between Smyrna, Ephesos and Pergamon (Aristid. Or. 23). In AD 178, a main earthquake hit Smyrna, destroying many of the metropolis. Aristides wrote a letter of enchantment to the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus (Aristid. Or. 19) that was so instrumental in securing imperial funds for rebuilding that Philostratus would write, “To say that Aristides based Smyrna is not any mere boastful eulogy however most simply and true.” (Philostr. VS 582-583). A bronze statue of Aristides was arrange within the market of Smyrna, inscribed, “For his goodness and speeches”.

The rebuilding efforts commenced quickly after the earthquake with help from Marcus Aurelius, as evidenced by an outline of his spouse, Faustina the Youthful, nonetheless discernible above an arch of the western colonnade of the Agora (see here). One distinguished determine who ruled Smyrna within the Third century AD was Cassius Dio, the well-known Roman statesman and chronicler well-known for his 80-volume Roman Historical past and his account of Hadrian’s reign. Emperor Macrinus appointed him to this esteemed place in AD 218.

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From Smyrna, Hadrian appears to have visited Erythrae on the coast dealing with Chios, apparently travelling by ship (Birley, 2007). The town based a pageant referred to as the Megala Hadrianeia Epibateria (‘Nice Hadrianic Touchdown Competition’), which, as its title suggests, celebrated Hadrian’s go to to the Erythrae peninsula (Erythrai 94).

The homeland and the sacred theatrical synod honoured Antonia Tyrannis Juliane, who was director of contests for the Nice Hadrianeian Epibaterian contests in a wonderful and reliable method. They arrange the statue from their very own sources.

In accordance with Pausanias (7.3.7), Erythrae was based by Cretan settlers below the management of Erythros the Purple, son of Rhadamanthys. Afterwards, town was expanded and improved by the Ionian colonists led by Knopos, a descendent of Kodros, the final legendary Athenian king (Strab. 14.633). The eponymous hero Erythros is explicitly talked about as such on a coin from the mid-Third century AD -ΕΡΥΘΡΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ ΕΡΥ (‘Erythros, founding father of the Ery(thraeans)- (RPC VI 4720). Nonetheless, Erythrae had a multi-ethnic inhabitants with Lycians, Carians, and Pamphylians, additionally referred to by literary sources. Erythrae had a proud historical past to look again on because it belonged to the Panionion (or Ionian League), the political league of twelve Ionian cities, based within the mid-Seventh century BC. It consisted of the next cities: Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Teos, Colophon, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Phocaea, Samos, Chios, and later Smyrna was added. This union served as a method of strengthening the nationwide, social, and political cohesion of various populations that got here from mainland Greece. 

The town was notable for being the seat of the Erythraean sibyls, Herophile and Athenais, the prophetesses presiding over the Apollonian oracle. Herophile is usually credited for having predicted each the approaching of Alexander the Nice and the Greek victory of Troy and Homer’s telling of the story. In Christian custom, nonetheless, the Sybil can also be mentioned to have prophesied the approaching of the Redeemer with the acrostic “ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΕΙΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ ΣΩΤΗΡ ΣΤΑΥΡΟΣ” (“Jesus Christ, God’s Son, Savior, Cross”).

After the dying of Attalos III in 133 BC, the Pergamene kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, and Erythrae flourished as a free metropolis (civitas libera) connected to the Roman province of Asia. Nonetheless, its significance light after the earthquakes of that area within the 1st century AD. In his Description of Greece, Pausanias writes {that a} temple of Athena Polias stood on the Acropolis and an enormous picket picture of her sitting on a throne (Paus. 7.5.9). The temple was constructed within the second half of the eighth century BC and was expanded with numerous additions within the Seventh and sixth centuries BC. Terracotta goddess figures have been excavated within the japanese a part of the temple, and Kore sculptures dated to the sixth century BC (see here).

The Hellenistic theatre at Erythrae, minimize into the north slope of the Acropolis hill and constructed within the 4th century BC, was restored in AD 124 on the event of the go to to Hadrian to town when the cavea and the analemma partitions of the double diazoma have been repaired. The orchestra was reworked into an enviornment right now or later.

The Panionian League actually appealed to Hadrian. At Teos, the Emperor was to be honoured with the title “Panionio” (Πανιώνιος) towards the top of his reign, granted to him by the Ionian League together with his titles Olympios and Panhellenios. The seat and sacred assembly place of the Ionians was referred to as Panionion and was positioned north of Mykale, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Smyrna (reverse Samos). There, the Panionian video games befell in honour of Poseidon Helikonios, which included annual festivals and libations and featured, amongst different issues, poetic competitions. Herodotus describes it as follows:

The Panionion is a sacred floor in Mykale, dealing with north; it was set aside for Poseidon of Helicon by the joint will of the Ionians. Mykale is a western promontory of the mainland reverse Samos; the Ionians used to assemble there from their cities and hold the pageant to which they gave the title of Panionia. Not solely the Ionian festivals, however all these of all of the Greeks alike, finish in the identical letter, simply as do the names of the Persians. (Hdt. 1.148)

The Panionion was a sacred precinct positioned on the highest of a hill on the northern facet of Mykale. A monumental altar (4.26 m × 17.78 m), presumed to be the altar of Poseidon, surrounded by an unfinished temenos wall, was excavated by German archaeologists within the late Nineteen Fifties. On the foot of the hill, 50 m (160 ft) southwest of the altar, is a small theatre minimize into stable rock with a diameter of 32 metres and 11 rows of seats. The traditional stays date from the 4th century BC and characterize the youthful Panionion when the Ionian League tried to revive the cult of Poseidon Helikonios (Diod. Sic. 15.49.1).

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The precise touchdown location of the imperial flotilla after departing from Erythrae is unsure. They probably landed in Teos, dwelling to the most important temple of Dionysus in Anatolia, and in Notium, the port of Colophon, a metropolis that held a distinguished position within the Ionian League (Birley, 2007). Teos was a thriving seaport boasting two wonderful harbours and a member of the Panionion. Its Hellenistic Temple of Dionysus was an architectural masterpiece, mentioned by Vitruvius to have been designed by the well-known architect Hermogenes of Priene, to whom he additionally attributes the design of the Hellenistic temple of Artemis Leukophryene at Magnesia on the Maeander (Vitr. De Arch. 7.praef.12).

The Teian sanctuary of Dionysus, constructed within the final quarter of the Third century BC, consisted of a trapezoidal temenos that lined a big space of 8,869m2 (Kadıoğlu, 2020). It was surrounded by stoas in Doric, Ionic, and blended Doric-Ionic orders. An altar with stairs stood to the east, and a newly found propylon served because the sanctuary’s primary entrance. The temple itself, constructed fully of marble within the Ionic order, had eleven columns on the longer facet and 6 on the shorter facet, measuring 18.50 m x 35 m. Whereas some of the assorted architectural stays scattered across the temple are of Hellenistic origin, the surviving temple belongs to the Roman interval. The temple underwent intensive repairs throughout the reigns of Augustus and Hadrian, probably resulting from an earthquake in 14 BC. A fragmentary inscription on an architrave (Teos 76) attests to Hadrian’s duty for restoring the temple. The choice to revive the temple at Teos was probably taken throughout Hadrian’s visits to Teos in 124, 129 and 131.

Αὐτοκράτω[ρ Καῖσαρ]| Θεοῦ Τρ|[α]ϊαν|οῦ Πα|[ρθικοῦ υἱ]|ὸς Θεο|[ῦ Νέρου]|α υ[ἱωνὸς Τραϊανὸς Ἁδριανὸς Σεβαστὸς Ὀλύμπιος Πανελλήνιος —]
Παν[ι]ώνιο[ς ἀρχιερεὺ]|ς μέγι|[σ]τος| δημ|[αρχικῆς ἐξου]|σίας| [τὸ ․, ὕπατ]|ος τ̣|[ὸ —]

The inscription, dated to AD 132/8, celebrates Hadrian as Olympios, Panhellenios and Panionios, the latter epithet conferred on the Emperor by the Ionian Koinon and restricted to Ionia itself (Robert, 1946). The picture of Dionysus seems on the reverse of Teian bronze cash struck below Hadrian, exhibiting him beardless, standing, and resting on an oblong pedestal (RPC III, 1998).

The town of Colophon and its harbour at Notium might have been anticipating a go to. It was the house of the Greek epic and elegiac poet Antimachus (ca. 400 BC), whom Hadrian thought of superior to Homer. Antimachus wrote an epic, the Thebais, and an elegy on his lifeless love, Lyde, each characterised by excessive size and various mythological episodes. The Emperor’s approval ensured the poet gained public recognition, “whose very title had beforehand been unknown to many” (Dio, 69.4.6). Notium was positioned on a hill overlooking the ocean. It served as a port for close by Colophon, and pilgrims continuously handed by way of it on their solution to the famed oracular sanctuary of Apollo at Claros. 

It’s onerous to doubt an imperial go to to the Apollo oracle at Claros, one of the crucial necessary sights and sacred locations in antiquity (Birley, 2007). Epigraphic proof means that Hadrian was related to restorations within the sanctuary of Apollo at Claros, the place the god Apollo was worshipped alongside his sister Artemis and his mom, Leto. Proof of cultic exercise on the sanctuary can be traced again to the early Iron Age, if not earlier, however the building of the monumental temple started within the 4th century BC. The earliest point out of Claros is within the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (see here) from the Seventh century BC. Throughout this era, a number of altars and a marble temple devoted to Apollo have been constructed close to a sacred spring. Later, within the Third century BC, numerous important buildings and cult statues of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto have been constructed, together with a bigger Doric Temple of Apollo.

The oracular sanctuary consisted of assorted buildings, such because the temple itself, an altar, treasuries, and different buildings that have been related to the oracle’s actions. The temple was constructed between the 4th and Third centuries BC on the location of an earlier sacred constructing and was restored throughout the reign of Hadrian. The brand new temple was constructed on a five-stepped platform with dimensions of 26 × 46 m and had six columns on the slender sides and eleven on the lengthy sides.

In the course of the early days of the Roman Empire, the Clarian oracle grew to become very talked-about, attracting a lot of guests who sought its counsel. Rulers, people and cities extremely regarded the prophecies, and their fame was worldwide. In AD 18, Germanicus visited the oracle throughout his travels within the East and obtained a stunning prediction. The seer predicted that he would quickly meet his finish. This prediction got here true only a 12 months later when he handed away in Syrian Antioch (Antakya) on the younger age of 34. Tacitus, who had probably visited the identical oracle himself ten years prior as proconsul of Asia, described the process for receiving an oracle. He was shocked to find that, not like Delphi, no priestess was current however a male priest who spoke on behalf of Apollo (Tac. Ann. 2.54).

The oracular sanctuary consisted of assorted buildings, such because the temple itself, an altar, treasuries, and different buildings that have been related to the oracle’s actions. The temple was constructed between the 4th and Third centuries BC on the location of an earlier sacred constructing and was accomplished throughout the reign of Hadrian. The brand new temple was constructed on a five-stepped platform with dimensions of 23 × 44 m and had six columns on the slender sides and eleven on the lengthy sides.

Quite a few monuments have been constructed throughout the Roman Interval, and up to date excavations have revealed that the sanctuary underwent important modifications throughout the first half of the 2nd century AD. Hadrian performed a significant position in restoring and finishing the temple. A fragmented dedication through which he is hailed as Olympios, Panhellenios and Panionios mentions Hadrian because the dedicator. The choice to revive the temple at Claros was probably taken throughout his go to in 124 (or 129), whereas the terminus submit quem for the temple’s restoration is December 135 primarily based on Hadrian’s titulature (Ferrary, 2000). Hadrian financed the entablature of the temple’s facade, which supported six columns and 5 extra columns on every lengthy facet (Moretti, 2012). Nonetheless, thirty or forty years after Hadrian’s dying, the temple was nonetheless not accomplished. Pausanias (7.5.4) mentions that the sanctuary of Apollo at Claros, together with that of Didyma, have been unfinished buildings.

Αυτοκράτωρ Καΐσ[αρ θεού Τραιαν]οΰ Παρθικού ύός θεού Νέρβα υίω[νός Τραϊανός Αδριανός Σεβαστός, άρχιερεύς μέγιστος,] δημ[αρχικής εξουσίας το (–), αύ]το κράτωρ το δε[ύτερον, ύπατος] το (τρίτον), ‘Ολύμπιος και Πανελλήν[ιος και Πανιώνιος — ]

Hadrian is thought to have supported oracles, and through his reign, Delphi noticed a short-lived revival through his patronage. Hadrian’s go to to Claros suggests his profound curiosity in spiritual and cultural websites. He probably participated in rituals, made choices, and sought recommendation from Apollo’s oracle. Hadrian was to develop into eponymous prytanis (native Justice of the Peace) of Colophon, liable for the environment friendly functioning of the shrine (Boatwright, 2000). Two inscriptions present that Hadrian agreed to be the eponymous prytanis (see here #16).

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There’s sturdy proof that Hadrian was later current at Ephesus, the ‘first and biggest metropolis in Asia’. There, he gave audiences to embassies. One of many embassies he obtained was from the mountains of northern Lycia, three members of the council of the Termessians in Oenoanda, who had come to ask the Emperor’s approval for the institution by C. Iulius Demosthenes of a brand new thymelic contest, the Demostheneia, in Oenoanda. On 29 August, Hadrian wrote to the demos of the Termessians, expressing his approval of the musical competitors and the circumstances of the inspiration. The letter that the three envoys took again with them is dated 29 August and ends ‘from Ephesus’ (SEG 38.1462).

The letter of Hadrian was inscribed on stone and displayed in Oenoanda, along with 4 different paperwork which report the institution of the pageant. This 117-line inscription reveals that Oenoanda’s Demostheneia pageant was to be held each fourth 12 months and was fully funded by Demosthenes’ personal sources. It specifies the price of every pageant (4,450 denarii per celebration), with many of the expenditure going in the direction of prize cash for every victor. The musical and theatrical pageant commenced on Augustus’ day within the month of Artemeisios (1 July), and the assorted occasions, together with music competitions, vocal performances, and theatrical contests, have been unfold over 22 days. Moreover, the pageant featured rituals honouring the Emperor, processions by way of town with animal sacrifices, and a banquet. The pageant continued to function as late as 233 (Chaniotis, 2011).

English translation of Hadrian’s letter: The Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus, son of the god Trajan Particus and grandson of the god Nerva Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician energy for the eighth time, consul for the third time, greets the magistrates, council and folks of the Termessians. I reward Iulius Demosthenes for the patriotic zeal (philotimia) he has proven to you, and I affirm the musical competitors which he has promised to you. He himself will contribute the associated fee from his personal treasuries. Let the penalties which he has mounted towards those that contravene what he has mounted regarding his present be enforced. The ambassadors have been Artemon son of Diogenes Tobolasios, Simonides, son, grandson, and nice grandson of Simonides, and Mertius Apelles. Farewell. 29 August, from Ephesus.

Gaius Iulius Demosthenes was a Roman knight and one of many wealthiest and most distinguished residents of Oenoanda. He was the son of Gaius Iulius Apollonios. The household most likely acquired Roman citizenship below Caesar or Augustus, as their nomen gentilicium Iulius signifies. His profession as a Roman knight probably dates again to the late 1st century AD. His profession (tres militiae) included the legionary tribunate within the Legio VI Ferrata (IGR III 500). In Syria, he was praefectus of the Ala VII Phrygum. Underneath Trajan, he was given the submit of centenarian procurator in Sicily (IGR III 487). After that, his profession as a knight ended for causes that weren’t fully clear. From then on, he was concerned in his hometown and the Lycian League.

It isn’t clear what precisely Hadrian did at Ephesus. He might have travelled to Samos throughout the bay or Magnesia on the Maeander a couple of miles inland (Birley, 1997). Moreover, Ephesus was honoured with a second go to in 129 and maybe a 3rd in 131. His visits resulted in a number of monuments and benefactions, though most of them appear associated to the second. This consists of granting Ephesus its second neokoria within the early 130s by permitting town to construct a temple for his cult, though this grant might not have been linked to any particular go to (Burrell, 2004). For his benefactions, Hadrian was celebrated as their founder and saviour by the boule (council) and demos (folks) of Ephesus. A dedicatory inscription dated to 129 honoured the Emperor for his unsurpassed presents to Artemis (the sanctuary gained the correct of receiving legacies), for allowing the Ephesians to import grain from Egypt in addition to for making the harbours navigable and diverting the Cayster (Kaystros) River (Ephesos 1007).

For the primary go to of 124, an inscription data that the native ephebes (younger performers) sang hymns within the theatre for the emperor, who listened to the efficiency with pleasure (Ephesos 603). The inscription doesn’t have a particular date, however the absence of Olympios in Hadrian’s titulature (a title bestowed from 129 onwards) suggests a reference to the primary go to. The ceremony, overseen by Titus Flavius Potamon, the president of the gymnasium, was supposed to draw the Graeculus (“Greekling”) emperor, who had a specific fondness for historic spiritual ceremonies and Panhellenic worship.

When Titus Flavius Potamon, the fatherland-loving and emperor-loving, was president of the gymnasium, and the lord emperor Trajan Hadrian Caesar Augustus was staying within the metropolis, the ephebes sang hymns of the emperor who listened [kindly] within the theatre, when ?lios Severus, son of a senator, was priest, who additionally […] and wore the golden clothes officiating [for the Augustus in the] metropolis and introduced the ephebic youth [when he sacrificed] within the temple of Artemis. The brand new archon [Tib(erius) Claudius] Trophimos emperor-loving, admirable, [son?] of Tib(erius) Claudius Aristion the youthful, president of the ephebes, [Cusonius]? Epigonos. (Translation: Aitor Blanco Pérez)

One other inscription that may be fairly related to this go to is a dedication of a statue of Hadrian by an affiliation of chrysophoroi of Artemis, who consisted of sacred clergymen and victorious athletes of the Artemision charged with guarding the objects of the goddess (Ephesos 1001). The dedication is dated to the proconsular governorship of Quintus Pompeius Falco (123/124), and the erection of the statue was supervised by the winner of the Pythian video games, Marcus Antonius Artemidorus, a priest who was most likely a descendant of Mark Antony (Bowie, 2012).

Two different statues, considered one of Hadrian (Ephesos 1003) and the opposite of Sabina (Ephesos 1002), have been additionally probably erected right now by the Council and Individuals of Ephesus. The dedications are dated to the proconsulate of Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus (124/125), the successor of Falco. The person who supervised the erection of Hadrian’s statue was one of many highest metropolis magistrates, Tiberius Claudius Italicus, who served as grammateus of the demos (secretary of the folks), whereas Sabina’s dedication named Tiberius Claudius Pius Pisoninus, who was later honoured at Teos as “ancestral benefactor” by the initiates (mystai) of the god Dionysos Setaneios with a statue and an altar (Teos 117). A portrait of Hadrian, which can have been commissioned in reference to the statue erected to commemorate his go to to town in 124, was found among the many ruins of the Gate of Mazeus and Mithridates (see here). 

Ephesus was a major port and commerce metropolis positioned on the mouth of the Cayster River. Its strategic place gave town significance in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea, with highways connecting it with the opposite main cities of the Empire. Nonetheless, from the development of the primary temple of Artemis round 800 BC on a shoreline of Ephesus to its destruction a thousand years later by an earthquake, the folks of Ephesus regularly struggled with the influence of colluvium and alluvium sedimentary processes. Over time, the continuous silting of the Cayster River compelled the inhabitants to recurrently shift the harbours westward.

Livy commented on the character of the doorway to the harbour of Ephesus and reported that the mouth of the Ephesian port was “like a river, lengthy, slender, and stuffed with shoals” (Liv. 37.14.6) whereas Strabo famous that the harbour engineering efforts there, similar to the development of a mole to stop siltation, as an alternative created a sediment entice that made issues worse (Strab. 14.1.24–25). The harbour was first rebuilt within the Hellenistic interval, and there have been a couple of makes an attempt to scrub and preserve it in the instances of Nero. Hadrian tried to enhance the navigability of the harbours by setting up a dam to divert the Cayster River and cease the sediment stream into the harbour.

Entry from the city to the marina was permitted through monumental gates. Hadrian constructed the Center Harbour Gate on the finish of the Harbour Road (Arcadiane) Road. The gate, constructed within the Ionic order, comprised three passageways and 4 canopies resting on columns. This gate, constructed by Hadrian, was in use for over a century however was probably destroyed by earthquakes within the Third or 4th century AD. Along with the Center Harbour Gate, two extra gates, the southern and northern gates, have been constructed within the 1st half of the Third century AD and mid-Third century AD.

At Ephesus, Hadrian would have admired the gorgeous library that Tiberius Iulius Aquila Polmaeanus was constructing there in reminiscence of his father, Celsus Polemaeanus, who served as governor of Asia in 105-106 throughout the reign of Trajan. Celsus, born to a Greek household of clergymen from both Ephesus or Sardis, bequeathed the cash for constructing the library in his will. The library contained 12,000 scrolls, saved on picket cabinets in wall niches. Nonetheless, the constructing was additionally supposed to function his mausoleum. Beneath the apse ground, a crypt contained Celsus’s adorned marble sarcophagus (see here), a particular honour reflecting his distinguished position as a public official. Celsus’ son died earlier than the completion of the library, and one other rich Ephesian, Tiberius Claudius Aristion, took over the development. The library had a lavishly adorned facade with aid carvings following the patterns of the facades of Roman theatres (scaenae frons), typical of the architectural fashion prevalent within the interval below Hadrian. A letter from Hadrian congratulating Aquila on the library’s building additionally appears to have been inscribed on the façade (Ephesos 189).

Nonetheless, Ephesus was well-known in its time for the close by Temple of Artemis, the Artemision, a masterpiece of Ionic structure that was regarded as considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Historical World. The temple was the most important constructing within the Greek world and was destroyed and rebuilt a number of instances. In accordance with Pliny (NH 36.95), it measured 129 metres (425 ft) in size and 69 metres (225 ft) in width and featured 127 columns, every 18.3 metres (60 ft) excessive and 1.2 metres (4 ft) in diameter, virtually double the dimensions of the Fifth-century BC Parthenon at Athens. Pausanias affirms that the temples of Ionia have been with out rivals, however surpassing all was the Ephesian Artemision (Paus. 4.31.8).

The sanctuary gained nice fame within the sixth century BC when the Lydian king Croesus (r. 560-546 BC) financed the development of an impressive new temple to Artemis. Nonetheless, the temple was destroyed by hearth by a person named Herostratus in 356 BC, in keeping with custom, on the identical night time Alexander the Nice was born. The Ephesians instantly began the development of an much more lovely temple. This is the construction that Hadrian noticed when he visited Ephesus.

The picture of Artemis Ephesus, which differs immensely from the huntress Artemis iconography, was reproduced an infinite variety of instances on cash, votive statuettes and votive choices. Cistophoric tetradrachms minted at Ephesus cash join Hadrian (RPC III, 1328) and Sabina (RPC III, 2081) with the good goddess Artemis, who’s depicted standing in her temple or between two stags. Roman copies of the Artemis statue retaining its archaic traits have been unearthed throughout excavations within the Prytaneum. One in all Artemis’ traits is that she protects fertility, and the egg-shaped objects lining her chest have been variously recognized as feminine breasts, eggs or bull’s testicles, all symbols related to fertility.

A rich Ephesian citizen named P. Quintilius Valens Varius constructed and devoted a small monument alongside Curetes Road, one of many chief thoroughfares of Ephesus, which he devoted to Hadrian, but additionally to Artemis and the demos of Ephesus when town was nonetheless as soon as neokoros (Ephesos 290). The monument, identified erroneously because the Temple of Hadrian, was sponsored in 119, together with the encompassing bathtub advanced, and is due to this fact not related to Hadrian’s presence within the metropolis in 124. The temple-like prostyle constructing is of modest dimensions however intricately adorned and adorned with sculptures. The unique goal of the constructing stays unknown. It was beforehand thought to be an official cult temple of Hadrian as a result of Ephesus had been given permission to construct such a construction. Nonetheless, this interpretation has been disproven, however researchers extensively and sometimes controversially focus on questions on its perform.

The unique perform of the temple-like construction stays open to interpretation. It was lengthy assumed to have been an official cult temple of the emperor Hadrian as a result of Ephesus obtained permission to assemble such a constructing. Nonetheless, this interpretation has been refuted since it hardly appears attainable that the Ephesians would have honoured Hadrian with such a small temple. Burrell has prompt a street-side shrine.

The constructing is a tetrastyle prostyle temple with wealthy architectural and sculptural decorations. Two Corinthian columns and two pillars on the perimeters assist the entablature with a curved Syrian-type pediment adorned with floral patterns and bearing a aid of Tyche. The goddess wears a crown depicting the partitions and towers of town. Behind the arch is an rectangular pronaos, the inside space of the temple’s portico. It has a door opening topped by a tympanum, a semi-circular aid depicting the gorgon Medusa amongst acanthus leaves and scrolls. The door results in the cella, the monument’s inside, the place a Hadrian statue might have stood. The cella measured 7.50m in width and 5m in size and was roofed by a barrel vault.

For Artemis Ephesia and for Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus and to the demos of Ephesus neokoros, by Publius Quintillius, son of Publius, of the tribe Galeria, . . .with . . . spouse, and daughter Varilla, arrange this temple from its basis with all of the issues in it and its cult picture by their very own means, devoted on the time of proconsul Servaeus Innocens, and when the grammateus of the Demē a second time, Marcus Claudius Publius Vedius Antoninus, was Asiarch; as promised when Tiberius Claudius Lucceianus was grammateus of the Demē.

The pronaos is adorned with a frieze consisting of 4 marble slabs depicting the inspiration of town of Ephesus by the Athenian prince Androclus. The frieze isn’t Hadrianic because it was not sculptured similtaneously the Temple. It was most likely added to the monument from an unknown constructing throughout a restoration within the 4th century AD. The frieze on the Temple is a replica, the unique is on show within the Ephesus Museum.

Ephesus, like Pergamon and Smyrna, would obtain a second neokoria, however not at the time of Hadrian’s first go to. The neokorate temple authorised by Hadrian dates to the early 130s, as introduced in inscriptions and on cash. The primary inscription to name Ephesus “twice neokoros” (δὶς νεωκόρος) is an honorary dedication on a statue of Hadrian erected by the Ephesians on the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens to have fun Hadrian’s consecration of the temple. The inscription is dated to 132 (IG II² 3297), throughout the priesthood of Claudius Atticus, the daddy of the well-known Herodes Atticus (Burrell, 2004).

One other point out of the title is from a dedication to Sabina at Ephesus below the proconsulship of the later emperor Antoninus Pius about 134/5 (Ephesos 1011), though the brand new temple was not but standing. Its completion can be dated after 134/135 and earlier than 138 (Burrell, 2004). An Ephesian, Tiberius Claudius Piso Diophantus, is claimed to have been liable for getting permission from Hadrian to construct a provincial temple devoted to him at Ephesus as Polemon had achieved for Smyrna (Ephesos 335). The “twice neokoros” title additionally seems on the cash of Ephesus with the legend ΕΦΕϹΙΩΝ ΔΙϹ ΝΕΩΚΟ/ΡΩΝ (of the Ephesians, twice neocorate) and exhibiting two temples, every containing a male determine holding sceptre (RPC III, 2077).

(This statue of) Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus Olympios Panhellenios, saviour (was devoted by) the mother-city, to start with and biggest of Asia, and twice temple-warden of the Augusti, town of the Ephesians, for their very own founder and benefactor, by way of]the supervisor Marcus Tigellius Lupus, within the priesthood of Tiberius Claudius Atticus. (Translation by Chris de Lisle)

Pausanias is the one identified supply that studies on the Olympieion of Ephesus. He mentions the legendary founding father of town, Androclos, and notes that his tomb was nonetheless seen in his time “on the highway main from the sanctuary previous the Olympieion to the Magnesian gate. On the tomb is a statue of an armed man” (Paus. 7.2.9). The temple has been recognized within the northern district of Ephesus close to the church of the Virgin Mary. It consisted of an enormous colonnaded temenos with porticoes on all 4 sides, probably of the Corinthian order. It confronted south and lined an space measuring 350 x 225 m, which is sort of near the realm of the Artemision. Within the centre of the temenos was a south-facing temple. The foundations present that it had a peristasis (four-sided porch of columns surrounding the cella) of roughly 33 x 60 m and a cella 9 m broad.

The citation by Pausanias led the excavators and students to imagine that it was a temple devoted to the cult of Zeus Olympios. Consequently, they selected to name this temple advanced “the Olympieion”. Nonetheless, C.P. Jones (1993) argues that the temple ought to be referred to as Hadrianeion, contemplating it is devoted to worshipping Hadrian, not Zeus. In Ephesian inscriptions, the temple itself is barely referred to as “of the god Hadrian” (θεοῦ Ἁδριανοῦ), not of Hadrian Olympios or any type of Zeus (Ephesos 335). Nonetheless, there could be quite a few inscriptions from Ephesus honouring Hadrian as Zeus Olympios (Ephesos 778–784), and an agonistic pageant named Hadrianeia would be celebrated with the second neokorate of Ephesus on the time of the temple’s completion or consecration by Diophantus.

The Ephesians would later present enthusiasm for the brand new cult of Antinous by setting a statue of the younger Bithynian as Androclus, the legendary founding father of Ephesus, son of King Codrus of Athens, maybe within the act of slaying a wild boat. Like Antinous, Androclus was additionally famed for a boar hunt, and it might be that Hadrian and Antinous went looking the boar collectively within the neighborhood (Birley, 1997). A youthful Androclus would additionally seem on the reverse of the Antinous cash minted within the metropolis, depicted with a spear over his shoulder and, on this hand, a boar’s head (RPC III, 2084).

—

Ephesus was the final polis of the province of Asia that the emperor visited earlier than departing to the Aegean islands. He would journey from Ephesus to Rhodes in September or October and sail by way of the Cyclades to the Greek mainland. A small passage of the Historia Augusta of this journey says that Hadrian “travelled by the use of Asia and the islands to Greece” (HA Hadr. 13.1), whereas Rhodes is explicitly talked about in Polemon’s account (“we went east to Rhodes”).

A number of ships accompanied the emperor, two of whom have been below the instructions of the Ephesian captains, Lucius Erastus and Philokyrios. These two captains joined the Imperial fleet and operated within the Aegean Sea with their respective ships. They transported the Emperor and different entourage members and crucial provides. A couple of years later, in 129, the identical captains accompanied the imperial fleet carrying Hadrian as he sailed from Eleusis to Ephesus. In two similar letters to the magistrates and council of Ephesus, Hadrian recommends the 2 ship captains, Erastus (Ephesos 191) and Philokyrios (Ephesos 192), for honorary membership of the council. The letters have been inscribed on the wall blocks of the scaenae frons of Ephesus Bouleterion.

The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant of the deified Nerva, Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribune of the Individuals for the third time, Consul for the third time, Father of his nation, to the Magistrates of the Ephesians and to the Council, greeting. Lucius Erastus affirms that he’s a citizen of yours and sails a lot additionally on the ocean and that, so far as he can from doing this, he makes himself serviceable to his nation and regularly conveys over the ocean the chief males of the [Ionian] race. Furthermore he had interviews with me on two former events, first, once I made a voyage from Ephesus to Rhodes, and now on my arrival at your metropolis from Eleusis. His want is to develop into a member of the Council, and I accordingly decide to you the authorized investigation of his claims; and if nothing stands in the way in which, and he seems to you deserving of that honour, I’ll give the sum of money which they pay on being admitted to the Council, and to satisfy the bills of the election. Farewell.

As Hadrian sailed into the port of Rhodes, he noticed the stays of the celebrated fallen Colossus, one of many Seven Wonders of the Historical World. The Colossus was a large bronze statue of the god Helios, constructed within the early Third century BC and towering over the harbour at over 30 metres (100 toes). It stood for simply over 50 years within the Third century BC earlier than being introduced down by a robust earthquake round 225 BC. In Hadrian’s day, the statue, nonetheless apparently in a single piece, had been mendacity on the bottom for hundreds of years and was so spectacular that many travelled to see it.

The early Byzantine chronicler John Malalas recounts a peculiar story about Hadrian helping within the re-erection of the Colossus. He mentions that Hadrian supplied cranes, ropes, and artisans for the challenge and even claims to know in regards to the inscription commemorating the occasion (Malalas 279). Nonetheless, this account has no corroboration, even when this was the kind of challenge Hadrian would have been interested in. John Malalas was probably mistaken, because the Emperor is instructed in different sources that he relocated the Colossus of Nero in Rome nearer to the brand new Temple of Venus and Roma with the help of twenty-four elephants and reworked it right into a statue of the Solar (HA Hadr. 19-12.13).

In his reign, Hadrian reerected the Colossus of Rhodes, which had fallen throughout an earthquake Rhodes suffered in earlier instances, and lay on the bottom for 312 years, with nothing having been misplaced. He spent to revive and erect it in the identical place, for machines and ropes and artisans, 3 hundredweight, as he inscribed the 12 months and bills beneath it. Malalas 279

Pliny the Elder visited the Rhodian Colossus and described it as “by far essentially the most worthy of our admiration.” “Few males can clasp the thumb of their arms,“ he wrote, “and its fingers are bigger than most statues”. “The place the limbs are damaged asunder, huge caverns are seen yawning within the inside.“ In Pliny’s time, the Colossus was merely a destroy, slowly corroding the place it had fallen greater than a century earlier than (Plin. Nat. 34.18). But, that didn’t diminish Pliny’s awe.

Panhellenic video games, the Halieia, have been held on the island each 4 years in honour of Helios, and annually, a chariot drawn by 4 horses (quadriga) was thrown into the ocean as an providing to the god. The Helian video games attracted nice athletes from overseas. They concerned working races and performances, many of which have been hosted within the stadium and the Odeon of Rhodes’ Acropolis. There was a well-known kithara (lyre) competitors the place crowns made from poplar have been awarded to victors. One such victor was the well-known kithara participant Nikokles Aristokleos (IG II3 4 594), whose funerary monument on the Sacred Manner in Athens is talked about by Pausanias (Paus. 1.37.2).

Rhodes had been an necessary ally of Rome for nearly three centuries and loved quite a few privileges. Consequently, its ties with Rome have been deeper and extra important than these of most different Greek cities. The island was well-known for its colleges of rhetoric and philosophy and attracted quite a few distinguished Roman college students to study extra about Greek tradition, together with Cicero, Julius Caesar, and Marc Antony. Tiberius, a philhellenist like Hadrian, studied rhetoric within the famend college of Rhodes and selected to stay in exile on the island for six years due to the “pleasantness and healthiness of the island“ (Suet., Tib., 11.1). The Lydians devoted a votive exedra at Lindos to the euergetai (benefactors) Tiberius and his sons, Drusus the Youthful and Germanicus, in addition to his father-in-law, Augustus.

The period of Hadrian’s keep on the island is unknown, as does the situation of his residence. He might have inspected the home the place Tiberius lived (Birley, 1997) and visited the three principal cities on the island: Lindos, Kamiros and Ialysos. Nonetheless, Rhodes should not have held Hadrian for an prolonged interval. The imperial flotilla most likely left by mid-September, almost definitely passing by way of the Cyclades, as Hadrian supposed to be in Greece for the Eleusinian Mysteries, which started within the month of Boedromion.

After this Hadrian travelled by the use of Asia and the islands to Greece,​ and, following the instance of Hercules and Philip, had himself initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries.​ HA. Hadr. 13.1

There is no such thing as a proof that Hadrian visited different islands throughout his voyage throughout the Aegean Sea, and makes an attempt to reconstruct the emperor’s precise route are speculative. Nonetheless, there’s good purpose to imagine that he sojourned on the Cycladic island of Paros (Kouremenos, 2021), the place he wrote an epigram for the tomb of the Seventh century BC lyric poet Archilochus (680-645 BC), exhibiting his veneration for archaic Greek poetry (Anth. Pal., 7.674). Archilochus was the primary poet to make use of the iambic metre, which afterwards performed an necessary half in Greek verse. He even had a sanctuary, the Archilocheion, devoted to him on Paros, which probably consisted of a shrine, altars and a temenos.

That is Archilochus’ grave, whom to raging iambics
the Muse led, favoring the Maionian (i.e. Homer).
(Translation by W.R. Paton)

One other potential stopover on his solution to Athens was the island of Syros, the place the city devoted a statue of him (IG XII,5 674), and an inscription expressing the islanders’ gratitude for his generosity has been discovered (IG XII Suppl. 239). Nonetheless, such dedications are frequent and don’t definitively point out that the Emperor was bodily current in these locations (Kouremenos, 2021). In any case, within the autumn of 124, Hadrian was again in Athens, the place he bestowed presents, revised native legal guidelines, and was initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries at Eleusis.

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